Chinese fintech giant Ant Group was expected to go public on Nov. 5, until founder Jack Ma provoked regulators in Beijing, prompting China’s President Xi Jinping to personally pull the plug on the record-breaking $37 billion initial public offering (IPO).
After the Ant Group IPO was suspended, founder and China’s second-richest man Ma disappeared from the public view for over two months and China’s regulatory authorities also put forward five restructuring requirements for Ant Group.
The five requirements are as follows:
A return to the original intention of payment services and improve transaction transparency, and strictly prohibit unfair competition;
Operate personal credit investigation services legally and in compliance with laws and regulations, and protect personal data privacy;
Legally establish a financial holding company to strictly implement regulatory requirements to ensure sufficient capital and compliance with related transactions;
Improve corporate governance, strictly rectify financial activities such as illegal credit, insurance, and wealth management in accordance with prudential regulatory requirements; and,
Conduct securities and fund business in compliance with laws and regulations, strengthen the governance of securities institutions, and carry out asset securitization business in compliance.
However, whether Ant Group will manage to restructure itself to meet the new tightened regulatory requirements of China’s regulators still remains anyone’s guess.
How will Ant Group Restructure?
On January 15, Chen Yulu, deputy governor of China’s central bank, stated that Ant Group has established a restructuring work group under the guidance of the financial management department, and is formulating a schedule while maintaining business continuity of financial services to the public.
According to the SCMP, Ant Group is currently formulating a plan to establish a financial holding company in accordance with China’s new Financial Control Measures—officially implemented on Nov. 1. It will then fold certain businesses into the newly established financial holding company.
Ant Group had already preemptively taken steps against the financial control measures while preparing for its IPO, which were not yet in effect. The fintech giant’s prospectus—released on Aug 25, 2020—outlined that Ant Group planned to use its wholly-owned subsidiary Zhejiang Rongxin as the main body to apply for the establishment of a financial holding company and accept supervision.
There is speculation in the market that Ant Group may integrate financial-related businesses such as personal credit, fund sales, insurance, and payment into financial holding companies and accept the supervision of financial holding companies.
Currently, Ant Group already has traditional financial licenses for banking, insurance, funds, securities, as well as consumer finance, third-party payment and online small loan licenses—the most valuable financial licenses for Internet finance companies.
Ant’s subsidiary, Zhejiang Rongxin is expected to hold the equity of the relevant financial activity license subsidiary. Once included under the financial holding company, the financial business of Ant Group will be subject to strict regulatory supervision and restriction.
However, according to the types of financial institutions recognized by the central bank, it is still controversial whether or not all of the financial business of Ant Group will be included in the financial holding company.
Controversy and Controls
According to the China state regulators definitions of financial institutions, Ant Group’s most profitable quasi-financial institutions—Alipay, Huabei, and Jiebei—are out of place. And finding an appropriate definition for these businesses for them to be recognized by China’s financial management department is a major factor affecting the future of Ant Group.
Although Ant Group claims to have always been a technology company rather than a financial company, it is well known that from the perspective of revenue contribution, the micro-credit technology platform (mainly “Huabei” and “Jiebai” ) created the most important revenue, accounting for nearly 40% of the total revenue, surpassing its payment business. In addition, if online small loans (Huabei and Jiebei) and Alipay are included in the financial holding company, it will be a heavy blow to Ant’s capital adequacy ratio.
According to the “Financial Control Measures”, the establishment of a financial holding company requires that the paid-in registered capital is not less than RMB5 billion, and not less than 50% of the total registered capital of the financial institutions directly controlled.
Excluding financial services such as banks and funds, as of June 30, 2020, Ant Group has only two small loan companies in Chongqing with a total registered capital of RMB16 billion yuan.
After being included in the financial holding company, these companies may face stricter supervision. According to Article 24 of the “Financial Control Measures,” financial holding companies shall conduct comprehensive and continuous control over the corporate governance, capital and leverage ratios of the holding institutions included in the scope of consolidated management, and effectively identify, measure, monitor and control financial holdings.
But previously, the two Chongqing companies required a 2.3 times leverage ratio for small loan companies. Ant Microfinance achieved a leverage of more than 50 times through continuous issuance of ABS.
In 2018, due to compliance pressure, Ant began to issue a large number of joint loans, mainly with banks and financial institutions (funders) to jointly lend to customers.
Data shows that as of the first half of 2020, the credit balance facilitated by the micro-credit technology platform was RMB2.15 trillion yuan. This huge amount of funds did not come from Ant Group’s own funds. 98% of the funds came from financial institutions who partnered with Ant and by issuing ABS.
After the introduction of the new regulations for online microfinance, it requires microfinance companies to contribute to no less than 30% of the joint loan amount. If online microfinance is included in the financial holding company, Ant Group will face a huge gap in financing.
There is also a view that it may be difficult for the central bank to directly incorporate joint loans into the financial control regulatory framework, but it can start from the financial institution side.
First, it is requiring financial institutions to report information on cooperation with Ant including non-performing loan ratio, weighted average interest rate, balance at the end of the month, to figure out the composition of joint loans.
The second is to conduct supervision of asset management products invested or those issued by financial institutions such as banks and trusts.
As Ant Group is stepping up restructuring, there are reports that regulatory preparations have prompted technology giants such as Ant Group, Tencent Holdings and JD.com to share their consumer loan data to prevent excessive borrowing and fraud.
For Internet giants, consumer big data is an extremely important asset. Take Ant’s joint loan as an example. In cooperation with banks and other financial institutions, Ant Group has the advantage of acquiring users and risk control, and usually holds more power in cooperation.
It is reported that Ant usually charges up to 30% of technical service fees, while small banks are usually in a weak position and rely heavily on Ants’ data to approve loans and manage risks.
After the launch of Sesame Credit in 2015, Ant Group officially launched its credit investigation business. As an independent third-party credit agency, Sesame Credit integrates the behavioral data of more than 300 million real-name individuals and more than 37 million companies, and scores individual users and small companies based on their use of ant-related services.
This forms the foundation for other business such as Huabei and Jiebei, two consumer lending services. According to sources, the financial regulator plans to direct loan data from Internet giants into a unified nationwide credit agency.
In addition to the regulatory requirements, whether regulators will require Ant Group to return to its original payment business or how this process can be carried out remains a mystery.